The alignment of the Saudi legal system with the international rules of electronic commerce

This thesis deals with fundamental questions of compatibility andadaptation in the regulation of electronic commerce as it impacts on the normsand precepts of Islamic law. It finds that in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, theresponse of the religious and civil authorities to the realignment of its laws ofcontract, in order to encompass the innovations and changes implicit in theelectronic environment, have been inhibited by misgivings about the nature ofthe electronic environment itself and by fears that some of the protectiveaspects of traditional contract formation will be lost.Based upon a detailed comparison of the various stages and components ofthe electronic and traditional contract, the thesis finds that the principlesunderlying Islamic law are not violated or substantively threatened by the newforms. It is shown that laws and treaties, created at an international level ofscrutiny and discussion, are now broadly in place and accepted by most of the‘developed’ world, with necessary allowance being made for future innovationand change.The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, it is recommended, can only make progressin this field by a policy of greater engagement, both in respect of the nature ofthe electronic contract itself, and also with the arbiters of compromise in bodiessuch as the United Nations and the World Trade Organisation. It finds this progress to be essential to the health and well-being of Saudi society as awhole, and it suggests that any misgivings currently felt by the nation’slegislators are based more on misapprehension than on objective realities

Box Culvert Design

The Robertson Slough Bridge, built in 1927, is being considered for replacement by the Idaho Department of Transportation. Civil Engineering Senior Project Team, X^(3 )Engineering proposes a box culvert design that acts as a bridge to meet the structural, geotechnical, hydraulics, and transportation requirements set forth by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) standards. The bridge is located on US-95 outside Weiser, ID. The area lies within the floodplain of the Weiser River so the box culvert was designed to convey the flow for a hundred year flow event underneath the roadway. The new design, a two box culvert with a mat foundation and retaining wall, will extend and expand the roadway to meet modern traffic flow. The dead and live load of the roadway has been obtained from ASHTO standards. After reviewing all detour options, realigning the road both horizontally and vertically is the best choice to allow continuous traffic flow in US-95 during construction. Subsurface investigation shows the surrounding area of the existing bridge has poorly drained load overlaying gravelly sand with ground surface of linear slope from zero to three percent. Based on these conditions, the dead load of the boxes and the loads on the wing walls along with horizontal and vertical alignments have been designed to meet with these conditions. An environmental impact study will be investigated before and after constructing the box culvert, such as removing and planting vegetation that involves permits and codes of Washington County

PUBLIC AWARENESS TOWARDS HEPATITIS B AMONG GENERAL POPULATION, IN SAUDI ARABIA

Background: Hepatitis Virus B is a major health problem worldwide as well as in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) as it is one of the most common contagious infection and cost effective. Objectives: To Evaluate the knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of general population toward hepatitis B infection in KSA. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 500 Saudi participants aged between 20-60 years old. Participants were conducted during the period from December 2018 till January 2019 and the questionnaire was consisted of 4 parts including the demographics information and KAP. Results: 500 participants have filled the surveys. The age of the participants were from 20-60 years/old and the majority were between 20- and 30 years old (33.8%). Regarding the knowledge, (87%) have heard about hepatitis disease and (81%) know that hepatitis B affects the liver. Regarding the attitude, (82.8%) will visit physician if they get hepatitis. But unfortunately, only (56%) have been vaccinated against hepatitis B. Conclusion: The level of KAP toward hepatitis B was moderately acceptable in most of our sample but with insufficient practice among most of participants. More campaigns should be conducted increase the level of awareness towards the disease. Keywords: KAP, Hepatitis B, Saudi Arabia